Introduction

When discussing the works of poet and philologist J.R.R. Tolkien, one often encounters his critical essays and analyses of various epic and literary works. Among his renowned writings is his essay 'Beowulf: The Monster and the Critics,' where he delves into discussing the nature and genre of Beowulf.

Tolkien's Critique of Beowulf

Tolkien famously remarked that Beowulf is neither an epic heroic lay, a romantic tale, nor a narrative poem. This statement has often been misunderstood or dismissed, but it carries profound implications for how we understand and interpret this medieval epic. What might have compelled Tolkien to make such claims?

Adolescent Mock Heroics

In an earlier post, the author expressed a personal frustration with Tolkien, labelling his work as 'adolescent mock heroics.' This opinion reflects a certain cynicism towards the heroic tropes present in Tolkien's Beowulf analysis. Personally, I believe one should be open to various interpretations and not dismiss Tolkien's insights outright.

Essay 'Beowulf: The Monster and the Critics'

For a comprehensive understanding of Tolkien's perspective, it is essential to delve into his essay 'Beowulf: The Monster and the Critics' (Link to Essay). The essay offers a detailed and profound analysis of the epic, focusing on its structure, themes, and the monsters within it. Tolkien's assertion that Beowulf is not a straightforward narrative poem is a significant point that challenges the traditional interpretation of the work.

Is Beowulf a Narrative Poem?

Tolkien argues that Beowulf does not follow a linear narrative sequence. Many medieval narratives, such as the Arthurian romances, also do not 'tell a tale sequentially.' Instead, Beowulf tells multiple stories, encompassing different narratives and themes. This makes it a more complex and layered work than a simple linear narrative.[1]

Defining Genres: Defining Terms

To fully appreciate Tolkien's perspective, it is crucial to define the terms he uses. Each genre has its own characteristics, and understanding these distinctions can help in interpreting Beowulf correctly.

Epic Heroic Lay

An epic heroic lay is typically a long, narrative poem that recounts the deeds of a hero. Beowulf fits into this category, but Tolkien's critique suggests that it is more than just a simple heroic lay. It encompasses a broader range of narrative possibilities.

Romantic Tale

A romantic tale often involves supernatural elements, a complex exploration of emotions, and a moral or philosophical dimension. Beowulf contains elements of romance, but Tolkien's assertion implies that it is not purely a romantic tale.

Narrative Poem

A narrative poem is a poem that tells a story. Tolkien's assertion that Beowulf is not a straightforward narrative poem highlights its multidimensionality. Beowulf tells a story, but it does so through multiple layers and themes, making it a more complex work than a simple narrative poem.

Conclusion

Tolkien's insights into Beowulf provide a fresh perspective on this medieval epic. By dismissing the notion that it is merely an epic lay, a romantic tale, or a simple narrative poem, Tolkien encourages readers to see Beowulf as a complex and multifaceted work. This essay serves as a call to deeper analysis and appreciation of the epic's rich narrative tapestry.

References

[1] Tolkien, J.R.R. 'Beowulf: The Monster and the Critics,' 1936.