The Evolution of Outlaw Heroes in American Cinema: A Multifaceted Phenomenon

The frequent portrayal of criminals and outlaws as heroes throughout American cinema during the 20th century is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that reflects a variety of cultural, societal, and narrative factors. This essay explores the reasons behind this portrayal, examining the roles of rebellion against authority, the anti-hero archetype, romanticism, cultural reflection, mythologizing American identity, entertainment value, and moral ambiguity.

Rebellion Against Authority

Many films from the 20th century feature outlaws who defy oppressive systems or corrupt authorities, resonating with audiences who value individualism and freedom. Characters like Robin Hood (Fairyland Films, 1952) and Bonnie and Clyde (Arthur Penn, 1967) symbolize a rebellion against societal norms and injustices. These rebels often take on the role of Robin Hood, raping the rich and helping the poor, symbolizing a sense of justice and equity.

The Anti-Hero Archetype

The rise of the anti-hero in film reflects a shift in societal values. Anti-heroes like Tony Montana in Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983) represent a darker side of the protagonist, embodying primal desires and moral ambiguity. This archetype challenges the traditional hero and invites viewers to question the nature of heroism itself. The anti-hero's journey of moral decay and eventual downfall adds depth and complexity to the narrative, making for a more engaging and thought-provoking cinematic experience.

Romanticism of the Outlaw

The outlaw lifestyle is often romanticized, portraying a sense of adventure, excitement, and a break from mundane life. Films such as Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (George Roy Hill, 1969) and The Wild Bunch (Sam Peckinpah, 1969) celebrate the outlaw's lifestyle, highlighting the thrill and danger associated with living outside the law. These films often exaggerate the allure of the outlaw’s life, presenting it as a liberation from the constraints of society.

Cultural Reflection

The portrayal of criminals often mirrors societal anxieties and challenges. During times of economic hardship like the Great Depression, films featuring outlaws resonated with audiences struggling against systemic issues. Outlaws became symbols of resistance and survival, reflecting the frustrations and struggles of everyday people. For example, Little Caesar (Mervyn LeRoy, 1931) and Scarface (1983) use the outlaw’s rise and fall to comment on the harsh realities of life in marginalized communities.

Mythologizing American Identity

The American narrative often includes themes of the frontier and lawlessness. Outlaws became part of the mythos of American identity, representing the struggle for freedom and the complexities of morality. This is evident in Westerns where outlaws often play central roles, such as The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Akira Kurosawa, 1966) and Unforgiven (Clint Eastwood, 1992). These films explore the tension between individual freedom and societal norms, questioning the moral implications of the hero's journey.

Entertainment Value

Criminals and outlaws provide dramatic tension and conflict, essential elements for storytelling. Their actions create suspense, intrigue, and emotional engagement, making for compelling cinema. The thrill of danger and the suspense of a chase or a confrontation add excitement to these films. For instance, the heists in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and the intense prison break in Shawshank Redemption (Frank Darabont, 1994) captivate audiences, keeping them invested in the narrative.

Exploration of Morality

Films often explore moral ambiguity, challenging viewers to question the nature of good and evil. By presenting criminals in a sympathetic light, filmmakers encourage audiences to reflect on their own beliefs about justice and morality. For example, in GoodFellas (Martin Scorsese, 1990), the protagonist begins as a small-time thug and rises through the ranks to become a high-level criminal, questioning the moral choices that led to his downfall. This moral ambiguity forces viewers to consider the complexities of human actions and the consequences of their choices.

Overall, the frequent portrayal of criminals and outlaws as heroes in American cinema is a multifaceted phenomenon that reflects cultural values, societal challenges, and the complexities of human nature. This trend continues to evolve, adapting to contemporary issues and audience sensibilities.