The Enigma of Chapter 21: Why It Was Removed from the American Version of A Clockwork Orange

A Clockwork Orange has long been a topic of debate among readers, film enthusiasts, and literary critics. One of the most intriguing and contentious aspects of this novel involves the absence of Chapter 21 in the American editions. This chapter, originally published in 1962, has been omitted due to concerns regarding the book's message and portrayal of violence. The removal of this critical segment in the American version has sparked discussions about censorship, the responsibilities of publishers, and the nuanced interpretations of Anthony Burgess's themes.

Evolution of the Original Text

Anthony Burgess initially composed A Clockwork Orange as a 21-chapter novel. The overriding theme of these chapters is the maturation and moral development of the protagonist, Alex. In the original UK version, Chapter 21 serves as a profound conclusion, depicting Alex's journey towards understanding the error of his ways, leading to personal growth and potential redemption. This chapter represents a crucial moment in Alex's character development, where he reflects on the consequences of his violent lifestyle and decides to change his ways. This final chapter offers a glimpse into the author's vision for a more hopeful and redemptive conclusion.

Reasons for Omission

The decision to remove Chapter 21 from the American edition was made by the New American Library, and the reasoning behind this omission is multifaceted. Editors may have felt that the inclusion of this final chapter would weaken the narrative's exploration of free will and the consequences of a violent lifestyle. This chapter's presence could be seen as an attempt to reconcile the book's brutal and unflinching portrayal of violence with a more redeeming moral arc. Additionally, the publication team might have been concerned about how American audiences would receive this message, fearing it might dilute the book's controversial and thought-provoking nature.

Impact and Discussions

The absence of Chapter 21 has led to ongoing discussions about censorship, the responsibilities of publishers, and how readers interpret the book's themes of free will and moral choice. Scholars and critics have debated whether the removal of this final chapter enhances or diminishes the novel's impact. Some argue that the censored version is more impactful as it leaves the reader with a troubling, open-ended conclusion, while others believe that Burgess's intended vision should be respected.

The Return of Chapter 21

Fortunately, readers can now access the complete narrative as originally intended by Anthony Burgess. In the 1986 edition and subsequent adaptations, Chapter 21 was reintroduced. This newer version includes the final chapter, depicting Alex's epiphany and resolution to turn his life around. Burgess himself addressed this in the introduction to these updated American texts, explaining that he was advised by an American publisher that U.S. audiences would not embrace this final chapter, which details Alex's realization that everything he had thought he knew was wrong and his decision to embrace a new, more enlightened path.

Stanley Kubrick, who adapted the book for the film, also omitted Chapter 21 from his screenplay and film. This decision was likely influenced by the same concerns that affected the American publication. However, Kubrick's own interpretation of the story was further shaped by his creative vision, often diverging from the original text. His adaptation, although faithful to the core themes, is a unique and distinct retelling of the story.

In conclusion, the removal of Chapter 21 from the American version of A Clockwork Orange is a complex issue that reflects the ongoing debate between artistic freedom, moral responsibility, and the impact of a controversial text on different audiences. The reintroduction of this final chapter in later editions allows readers to appreciate the full narrative that Burgess intended, adding depth and nuance to this iconic work of literature.

Keywords: A Clockwork Orange, censorship, Stanley Kubrick, chapter 21