The Contested Throne: Comparing Henry VII and Edward IV

The English throne has a long and complex history, with various claimants vying for the throne over the centuries. Among the most notable and controversial were Henry VII and Edward IV. This article delves into the strengths and weaknesses of their respective claims, and explores the pivotal moments of their reigns.

Edward IV vs. Henry VII: Claims and Conquests

When considering the strength of their claims during their respective reigns, Edward IV's claim appeared to be more solid. Edward won a decisive victory against the House of Lancaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury, securing his position as king. This military victory, coupled with his legitimate lineage, made his claim appear more robust.

Henry VII's Senior Claim

Compared to Edward IV, Henry VII's claim was based on seniority, as he was directly descended from John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster and the fourth surviving son of Edward III. This lineage provided Henry with a stronger claim than that of his father-in-law, Edward IV, who had passed away.

Claim via Succession: Edward IV vs. Henry VII

Edward IV's claim to the throne was solidified through his lineage from Edward III's third and fifth sons. By the time Henry VII ascended to the throne, his claim was based on an illegitimate line from Edward III's fourth son. This made Henry's claim more tenuous, especially given that the illegitimate line was specifically barred from inheriting the throne.

Henry VII's Path to the Throne

Henry VII's path to the throne was less direct and more convoluted. He married Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, the only legitimate daughter of Edward IV. This marriage united the Houses of York and Lancaster, effectively ending the Wars of the Roses. However, Henry's right to rule was ultimately based on his wife's claim, as he himself had a weak royal lineage.

Political and Military Influence

Edward IV's claim was bolstered by his victory at the Battle of Towton, where he defeated the House of Lancaster. This military triumph solidified his hold on the throne. In contrast, Henry VII's accession was indirectly achieved through his marriage to Elizabeth of York, making his claim more about political consolidation than direct inheritance.

Legitimacy and Jure Uxoris

The title "jure uxoris" became significant in the context of Henry and Elizabeth's marriage. Upon their union, Henry assumed the title of king due to Elizabeth's status. This legal principle allowed Henry to rule legally based on his wife's claim, thereby legitimizing his position as king.

Conclusion

While both Edward IV and Henry VII claimed the English throne, their pathways to power were vastly different. Edward IV mustered strength through military conquest, while Henry VII secured the throne through political marriage. However, it is the military and political success of Edward IV that makes his claim more durable and well-recognized historically.

In summary, while Henry VII's claim was legitimate and senior, it was his marriage to Elizabeth of York that provided the necessary legitimacy. Meanwhile, Edward IV's claim was bolstered by his legitimate lineage and victories in battle, making him a more direct and uncontested ruler of the time.