The Caste System in Hindu Society: Historical and Social Divisions

The caste system in Hindu society is a complex and longstanding social structure that has played a significant role in the organization and identity of Indian society. This system divides the Hindu population into various layers, with each layer representing different roles, origins, and social standings. This article explores the historical and social divisions within the caste system in Hindu society, highlighting the major layers and their particularities.

Overview of the Caste Divisions

In the Hindu society, the caste system comprises numerous layers or varnas, each with distinct roles and characteristics. From the priestly and intellectual Brahmins to the farmers and merchants, the system has evolved over centuries, reflecting a rich tapestry of cultural and social dynamics.

The Seven Major Layers of the Caste System

Saurashtra Hindus (25% in India and 30% of Saurashtra population)

The Saurashtra Hindus are a diverse group within the broader Hindu community. While no specific caste details are provided, they encompass a wide range of sub-castes that may include Brahmins, warriors (Kshatriyas), farmers, and merchants. These individuals contribute to the socio-economic fabric of the region.

Brahmins and Pandits (4% of India’s population)

Brahmins and Pandits form an essential part of the Hindu religion as priests and intellectual teachers. They are believed to have a mix of Aryan, Dravidian, and Saka origins. This layer includes sub-divisions such as Kashmiri Brahmins, Pahadi Brahmins, Punjabi Saraswat Brahmins, Panchagauda, Panchdravida, Tyagis, Bhumihars, Chitpawans, and Mohyals, each with its own set of cultural and religious practices.

Kshatriya (4% of India’s population)

Kshatriyas are the warrior-caste in Hindu society, descended from Aryans and sometimes Brahmins. This layer includes various sub-castes such as Rajputs, Thakurs, and Kayasthas. Kayasthas are known for their role as scribes in the Pala era and are culturally a mix of Brahmins and Kshatriyas. Thakurs are found among Rajputs and Bhumihars, and Rajputs are a multi-component caste cluster with origins in Dravidians, Sakas, and Brahmin clans.

Vaishya and Baniya (2% of India’s population)

Vaishyas are the merchant-caste in Hindu society, traditionally engaged in trade and commerce. This layer includes various sub-castes like some Khatris, Abhira Vaishyas, and Banias. Banias are primarily Dravidian merchants, and some sub-castes like Agarwal and Baranwal Baniyas are believed to be a mix of Vaishyas and Nagavanshis.

Farmers and Scythians (15% of the caste system)

The farmer-caste in Hindu society includes Jats, who are a mix of Dravidians and Sakas, and also includes sub-castes like Kambojas and Lubanas. Other notable sub-castes include Phatak Yadavs and Sessodia Rajputs, who are a mix of abhira and ahirs. Some early British censuses classified Bhumihars and Kayasthas as Satshudra, indicating a complex historical intermixing.

Dasa Shudra (35% of India’s population)

Dasa Shudras, also known as EBC (Economically Backward Castes) in Bihar, constitute a large portion of the lower social strata. This layer includes mixed-caste individuals, as well as indigenously converted slaves, and sanskritized castes from lower castes and tribals, like Kachhis, Kurmis, and Yadav.

Santpani (19% of the caste system)

Santpanis, also known as Antyaja, are the lowest stratum of Hindu society, comprising 19% of the population. This layer includes marginalized groups like Dhor Koli, Chamaria Meena, and Mahadalits, which also include Kol Adivasis. They are further divided into smaller groups like the indigenous tribes and tribal communities like Kolarians, Mundas, Majhwar, Bhumia, and Ho.

Conclusion

The caste system in Hindu society is a deeply entrenched social structure, reflecting a rich historical and cultural heritage. This article has provided an overview of the major layers within this system, highlighting the contributions and characteristics of each. Understanding the complexities and nuances of the caste system is crucial for comprehending the socio-economic and cultural fabric of India.