Understanding Krishna and Vishnu in Hinduism

The figure of Sri Krishna—a prominent figure in Hindu scriptures like the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana—is often considered an avatar of Lord Vishnu. This raises the question: if Krishna is an avatar, why is he also reverenced as a God? Is Vishnu then not the primary divine figure? This article aims to clarify these concepts.

The Nature of God and Devas in Hinduism

In Hindu tradition, Devas are not seen as separate entities but as manifestations of the one overarching divine. The concept of Omnipresence, often associated with the term God, indicates that the absolute total of all existence is encapsulated within the divine. The term 'a God' implies a multiplicity, which is not aligned with the Hindu understanding of God as Bhagavan, meaning the supreme desirable one.

The Concept of Avatara in Hinduism

An avatar is a visible manifestation of the transcendental God. It is a transcendental manifestation, not a limitation by time, space, or individuality. The avatar is a visible descent to the physical plane, much like a person visiting from a distant location.

For example, consider the story of young Krishna and his interactions with Shishupala. Here, Krishna is revered as an avatar, the two-armed form of Vishnu, and is worshiped for his noble causes, such as saving Shishupala's destiny. Krishna is often associated with the Vedic name of the Supreme Person, emphasizing His qualities of love, compassion, and divine action.

The Story of Shishupala and its Context

At a festival, Shishupala protests that the duties of 'supersoul' (Paramatma) are internal and thus Krishna, as the central soul of all beings, should receive first honors. However, in the context of the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna's visit to Earth was seen as a transcendental descent, a direct manifestation of the divine (Vishnu) to offer guidance and wisdom to humanity. This visitation, though temporary, is a significant event in the spiritual journey of humanity.

The Bhagavad Gita Perspective

The Bhagavad Gita, a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, underscores the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu. Arjuna refers to Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead in verses like 10.12 and 11.18, where he says:

"Para Brahma Para Dhama Pavitra Parama Bhavan, Puru Avata Divyam Adi Devam Aja Vibhum. Tvam Akara Parama Vedityavam, Tvam Asya Vivasya Para Nidhanam, Tvam Avyaya Avata Dharma Gopta, Sanatan Tva Puru Mo Me."

This passage emphasizes Krishna's continuous existence as Vishnu, transcending time and individuality, and his roles as the Supreme Godhead and protector of the cosmic order.

Worship of Krishna and Vishnu

People worship Krishna and Vishnu as a manifestation of the divine, not solely as separate beings. The worship aligns with the devotion (bhakti) towards the spiritual personalities of God, such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Shakti. These deities are revered in various forms and manifestations, each offering a unique aspect of the divine. This devotion is not just a form of reverence but a way to understand and connect with the divine.

Embracing the visarga of the spiritual realm through the practice of genuine yoga, individuals can also manifest divine qualities and understand the deeper nature of the divine. This journey is part of the Hindu tradition's exploration of the divine and the path to spiritual enlightenment.

Conclusion

The figure of Krishna is integral to the understanding of Vishnu in Hinduism, representing a visible and accessible form of the divine. This concept is deeply rooted in the stories, scriptures, and practices of the tradition, blending theology with spiritual experience. The question of who is God, Krishna or Vishnu, is not a contradiction but a part of the rich tapestry of Hindu spiritual understanding.