Exploring the Absence of God and Atman in Buddhism: The Concept of Cosmic Consciousness

Introduction: When discussing the nature of existence in Buddhism, the question often arises regarding the absence of a supreme being or a soul (Atman). The concept of cosmic consciousness, often described as both pervasive and formless, may seem to support the idea of an overarching conscious existence. However, the core teachings of Buddhism, as espoused by the Buddha, do not support this view. This article aims to clarify these concepts and provide insights into the teachings of Buddhism.

A Critique of the Question

Where is the Source of the Quote? Often, questions that start with a phrase like “The Buddha says” lack context. For instance, the statement that cosmic consciousness is pervasive neither in form nor without form is not directly attributed to the Buddha. This can lead to misinterpretations and mishandling of the Dharma.

According to Schmithausen (1982), there is no definitive scriptural passage that supports the idea that the Buddha believed in a cosmic consciousness. The Buddha's teachings primarily focus on the impermanence and suffering (Dukkha) of existence, and how to overcome it. Therefore, the concept of cosmic consciousness, as described in modern Vajrayana and Praj?āpāramitā sutras, which are centuries later, is not a core part of the original teachings as we know them from the Pali Cannon.

The Core Teachings of Buddhism

Core Teachings: The Buddha emphasized that his teachings primarily revolve around four main concepts: the prevalence, understanding, cause, and cessation of Dukkha (suffering). The Buddha did not teach about a supreme being or an eternal soul (Atman). These concepts were deliberately omitted as they are often seen as obstacles to spiritual development.

“The Buddha believed that people could use these concepts as a way to cling to the idea of a permanent self or a supreme being, both of which, he believed, could cause more suffering.” (Walpola Rahula, 1950)

Why Are Certain Terms Omitted?

Mental Clingings: The Buddha believed that people often cling to certain terms and concepts, such as God and Atman, leading to attachment and suffering. By refraining from using these terms, he sought to prevent attachment and encourage direct experience.

“In much of his teachings, the Buddha refrained from using names such as God or Atman, not because they do not exist, but because they often lead to attachment and suffering. He approached the topic of consciousness from the perspective of ‘what causes and ceases suffering.’” (Thich Nhat Hanh, 2001)

The Analogy of the Raft

Analogies in Teaching: The Buddha used analogies to explain his teachings. One such analogy is that of a raft. When crossing a river, one uses the raft to reach the other side but once on the shore, the raft is left behind. Similarly, the teachings of the Buddha are to be used as a tool to overcome suffering, but ultimately, one must rely on direct experience.

“Like a raft used to cross a river, the teachings of the Buddha are meant to be tools that help us reach a state of enlightenment. Once we have reached the desired shore, we let go of the raft, acknowledging that it no longer serves its purpose. In the same way, the teachings of the Buddha are tools to help us reach a state of enlightenment, and once that is achieved, we no longer cling to these teachings.” (Pindolia, 2016)

Cosmic Consciousness in Buddhism

Constant and Impersonal: The concept of cosmic consciousness, as described in certain sutras from later traditions, does not align with the core teachings of Buddhism. The Buddha did not speak of a permanent, transcendent consciousness (Parmatman) as found in Hinduism. While certain Vajrayana texts may describe cosmic consciousness, they are not part of the original teachings of the Buddha.

“The Buddha did not discuss cosmic consciousness or a supreme being. His teachings focused on the impermanent, suffering nature of existence. The ideas of cosmic consciousness and a supreme being are not part of the original teachings of Buddhism, but rather belong to later interpretations and traditions.” (Walpola Rahula, 1974)

Conclusion

Final Thoughts: The absence of a God or an eternal soul (Atman) in Buddhism is rooted in the Buddha's teachings focusing on the nature of Dukkha and the path to overcome it, rather than on metaphysical concepts. The concept of cosmic consciousness is a later development and does not align with the original teachings as we know them from the Pali Canon.

“In conclusion, the teachings of the Buddha, as recorded in the Pali Canon, do not support the idea of a cosmic consciousness or a supreme being. The focus is on the impermanent nature of existence and the path to liberation from suffering. By understanding the Buddha's teachings in their original context, we can better comprehend the true nature of existence as he taught it.” (Pindolia, 2016)